Civil works

 

Buildings 

Component	Description	Function	Sub-Parts	Types
Foundation	The lowest part of the building structure, set in the ground.	Provides stability, distributes the load to the soil, and prevents settling.	Footings, Piles, Grade Beams	Shallow (e.g., spread footing), Deep (e.g., pile)
Plinth	The part of the structure between the ground level and the floor level of the building.	Raises the floor above ground level to prevent moisture and insect entry.	Plinth Beam, Plinth Protection Layer	-
Columns	Vertical structural elements that support beams and floors.	Transfer the weight of the structure from above floors to the foundation.	Reinforcement Bars, Column Casing	T-shaped, L-shaped, Circular, Rectangular
Walls	Vertical enclosures made of materials like bricks, concrete, or wood.	Provide structural support, enclose spaces, and offer security, privacy, and insulation.	Inner Wall, Outer Wall, Partition Wall	Load-bearing, Non-load-bearing, Shear Wall
Beams	Horizontal structural members spanning between columns.	Distribute loads from floors, ceilings, and roofs to columns.	Reinforcement, Stirrup, Concrete Cover	T-beam, L-beam, I-beam, Continuous Beam
Floors	Horizontal surfaces in a building used as walkable surfaces.	Support the weight of occupants and objects; separate building levels.	Floor Slab, Subfloor, Floor Finish	Concrete, Wooden, Tile, Raised Floors
Roof	The top covering of a building.	Protects the building from weather, provides insulation, and completes the structural framework.	Roof Deck, Insulation, Flashing	Flat, Pitched, Gable, Hip, Dome
Doors and Windows	Openings within walls with frames and panels of wood, metal, or glass.	Provide access, ventilation, natural light, and safety in emergency exits.	Frame, Shutter, Glass Pane, Hinges	Sliding, Casement, French, Awning (Windows); Hinged, Sliding, Revolving (Doors)
Stairs and Ramps	Inclined structures that connect different floors or levels of a building.	Facilitate vertical movement between floors for occupants and in emergencies.	Tread, Riser, Stringer, Landing	Straight, Spiral, L-shaped, U-shaped
Ceilings	The overhead interior surface covering of floors above.	Conceal structural elements, provide insulation, and offer aesthetics by improving interior ambiance.	Ceiling Joist, Drywall, Ceiling Tiles	Suspended, Drop, Beam Ceiling, Coffered
Electrical System	Network of wiring, outlets, lighting, and circuit protection in the building.	Provides power for lighting, equipment, HVAC, and appliances; includes safety systems like circuit breakers.	Wires, Switches, Outlets, Circuit Breaker	Single-phase, Three-phase, Low Voltage, High Voltage
Plumbing System	Pipes, fixtures, and valves that distribute water supply and drainage.	Provides water supply and waste disposal; includes bathrooms, kitchens, and other water-utilizing areas.	Pipes, Valves, Fixtures, Water Heater	Potable, Wastewater, Stormwater
HVAC System	Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning system for climate control.	Regulates indoor temperature, humidity, and air quality for comfort.	Furnace, Ductwork, Thermostat, Filters	Centralized, Split, Packaged, Geothermal
Finishes	Surface treatments like plastering, painting, tiling, and flooring.	Enhance the aesthetics and protect surfaces from damage, moisture, and wear.	Paint, Plaster, Wallpaper, Tiles, Flooring	Interior, Exterior, Waterproof
Insulation	Materials in walls, roofs, and floors to control temperature transfer.	Increases energy efficiency, reduces noise, and maintains a comfortable indoor climate.	Foam Boards, Batts, Spray Foam, Blankets	Thermal, Acoustic, Fire-resistant
Facade	The external face or outer covering of the building, often a combination of walls, windows, and cladding.	Creates the building's visual identity and provides weather resistance and insulation.	Cladding, Curtain Wall, Window Wall	Glass, Stone, Metal, Composite Panels
Fire Safety Systems	Equipment and systems like alarms, sprinklers, and extinguishers.	Ensures the safety of occupants by detecting and controlling fires, allowing safe evacuation.	Smoke Detector, Sprinklers, Fire Extinguishers, Alarm Panel	Active, Passive
Elevator/Lift	Mechanical systems for vertical movement in multi-story buildings.	Provides convenient access to upper floors, especially in taller buildings or for people with mobility limitations.	Shaft, Cab, Control Panel, Machine Room	Traction, Hydraulic, Pneumatic
Structural Frame	The core structure of beams, columns, slabs, and reinforcements.	Supports the entire weight of the building, including occupants and furniture, ensuring stability and safety.	Beams, Columns, Slabs, Reinforcements	Steel Frame, Concrete Frame, Timber Frame