A. Step by Step guide for construction
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Stage |
Key Steps |
Description of Tasks |
Timeline Estimate |
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1. Project Concept & Feasibility |
Feasibility Study |
Assess site, demand, budget, and legal requirements |
1-2 months |
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Budget Estimation |
Initial cost estimation, financing, approvals |
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Site Selection |
Land procurement, accessibility, zoning compliance |
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2. Design & Planning |
Appointment of Architects & Consultants |
Hire architect, structural engineer, MEP consultant, landscape consultant |
2-4 months |
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Conceptual Design |
Prepare preliminary layout, floor plans, 3D visualizations |
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Detailed Design & Drawings |
Structural, architectural, electrical, plumbing, HVAC, fire safety, landscape, façade |
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Environmental & Government Approvals |
Fire NOC, environmental clearance, local authority approvals |
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3. Tendering & Contractor Selection |
Preparation of Tender Documents |
BOQ, technical specifications, RFP preparation |
1-2 months |
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Tender Floating & Evaluation |
Invite bids, evaluate technical & financial proposals |
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Contract Signing |
Award contract, finalize payment schedule, mobilization advance |
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4. Site Preparation & Initial Works |
Site Clearance & Levelling |
Remove debris, tree cutting, grading |
1 month |
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Soil Testing & Survey |
Geotechnical tests, topographic survey |
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Temporary Site Setup |
Site office, storage, labor camps, safety measures |
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5. Foundation & Substructure |
Excavation & Earthwork |
Digging for foundation and basement (if applicable) |
2-3 months |
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Foundation Construction |
Piling, footing, plinth beam |
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Waterproofing & Basement Work |
Underground tank, sump pits, drainage |
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6. Superstructure (Frame & Walls) |
RCC/Steel Frame Erection |
Column, beam, slab casting (floor-wise) |
4-6 months |
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Masonry & Partition Walls |
Brick/block work for walls, plastering |
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7. Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing (MEP) Works |
Electrical & HVAC Installation |
Wiring, ducting, transformers, panels |
4-6 months (parallel) |
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Plumbing & Firefighting |
Water supply, drainage, fire suppression systems |
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IT & Networking |
CCTV, access control, data cabling |
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8. Exterior & Interior Finishing |
Flooring & Tiling |
Marble, tiles, wood flooring |
3-5 months |
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False Ceiling & Paint |
Interior & exterior finishes |
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Façade & Window Installation |
Glass, aluminum cladding, doors & windows |
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9. External Development & Landscaping |
Paving & Parking |
Driveways, parking areas, signage |
1-2 months |
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Green Spaces & Street Furniture |
Lawns, gardens, fountains, seating areas |
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10. Testing, Inspection & Handover |
Quality Testing |
Structural integrity, water & electrical tests |
1-2 months |
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Authority Approvals |
Fire safety, occupancy certificate, municipal clearance |
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Final Handover |
System commissioning, training, facility management setup |
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Stage |
Drawing Type (Technical Name) |
Purpose & Description |
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Concept & Planning |
Conceptual Drawings |
Rough sketches to visualize design ideas and spatial planning |
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Site Plan |
Shows the building’s location, roads, landscape, and site boundaries |
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Zoning & Compliance Drawings |
Ensures adherence to building laws, setbacks, and height restrictions |
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Design Development |
Floor Plan |
A top-down view showing the layout of rooms, walls, and circulation spaces |
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Elevation Drawings |
Front, side, and rear views showing the external appearance |
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Section Drawings |
Vertical cut-through of the building showing internal details |
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3D Perspective Views |
Rendered images to visualize the final design realistically |
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Approval & Tendering |
Approval Drawings |
Submitted to authorities for obtaining building permissions |
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Fire & Safety Drawings |
Includes fire exits, sprinkler systems, and safety features |
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Tender Drawings |
Used for bidding and contractor selection, includes material specifications |
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Execution & Construction |
Good for Construction (GFC) Drawings |
Finalized, detailed drawings used on-site for execution |
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Shop Drawings |
Highly detailed drawings for fabrication (e.g., doors, windows, joinery) |
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As-Built Drawings |
Records the exact work executed, including any on-site modifications |
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Drawing Type |
Technical Name |
Key Features & Differences |
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Building Layout |
Floor Plan |
Top view showing rooms, walls, doors, and windows |
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Exterior Appearance |
Elevation Drawing |
Flat 2D view showing building’s façade from different angles |
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Internal Sections |
Section Drawing |
Vertical cut-through to show internal structure, ceiling height, and materials |
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Detailed Construction |
Working Drawing |
Highly detailed technical drawing for builders and engineers |
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Electrical Layout |
Electrical Plan |
Placement of switches, lights, and power outlets |
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Plumbing System |
Plumbing & Drainage Plan |
Shows water supply, drainage pipes, and fittings |
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Fire Safety |
Fire Evacuation Plan |
Emergency exits, hydrants, sprinklers, and alarms |
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HVAC Layout |
Mechanical Drawings |
Ductwork, ventilation, and air conditioning layout |
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Category |
GFC Drawing Type |
Purpose |
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Architectural |
Floor Plans |
Shows room layout, doors, windows, and circulation |
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Elevations |
External view of the building from all sides |
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Sections |
Vertical cuts showing internal details like ceiling heights, walls, and materials |
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Staircase Details |
Design, riser/tread dimensions, and railing details |
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Structural |
Foundation Plan |
Shows footings, columns, and reinforcement details |
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Column Layout |
Positions and sizes of structural columns |
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Slab & Beam Layout |
Placement of beams, slabs, and reinforcement details |
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MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) |
Electrical Layout |
Wiring, lighting, switchboards, and power sockets |
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Plumbing Layout |
Water supply, drainage, and pipe routes |
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HVAC Plan |
Ducting, ventilation, and air conditioning systems |
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Fire & Safety |
Fire Evacuation Plan |
Fire exits, sprinklers, smoke detectors |
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Firefighting System |
Hydrants, extinguishers, and alarm systems |
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Landscaping & Site Work |
Site Plan |
Roads, parking, green spaces, and pathways |
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Boundary Wall Details |
Dimensions and materials of the compound wall |
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Stage |
Element |
Test Name |
Purpose (Why is it needed?) |
Who Conducts It? |
Material for PDI & What is Checked? |
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1. Pre-Construction |
Soil |
Soil Bearing Capacity (SBC) Test |
Checks if soil can bear the building load. |
Geotechnical Engineer |
- |
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Soil Compaction Test |
Ensures soil is compacted to prevent settlement. |
Site Engineer |
- |
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Water |
pH & Chemical Test |
Ensures water quality for concrete mixing. |
Testing Lab |
- |
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2. Foundation & Structural Work |
Concrete |
Slump Test |
Checks concrete workability before pouring. |
Site Engineer |
- |
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Cube Compression Test |
Ensures concrete strength after curing. |
Testing Lab |
- |
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Steel |
Tensile Strength Test |
Ensures steel reinforcement can bear load. |
Manufacturer/Testing Lab |
Steel Bars – Diameter, strength, bendability, rust-free surface |
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Bricks |
Compressive Strength Test |
Ensures bricks can handle load without cracking. |
Site Engineer |
Bricks – Size, shape, strength, water absorption |
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3. Superstructure Work |
Plaster |
Adhesion Test |
Ensures plaster sticks well to walls. |
Site Engineer |
- |
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Flooring/Tiles |
Water Absorption Test |
Prevents tile breakage due to water absorption. |
Manufacturer/Site Engineer |
Tiles & Stone Slabs – Dimensions, cracks, polish, water absorption |
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4. MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, Plumbing) Work |
Plumbing |
Pressure Test |
Checks pipes for leaks under pressure. |
Plumber/Site Engineer |
Pipes & Fittings – Thickness, material quality, leak-proof joints |
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Electrical |
Insulation Resistance Test |
Ensures electrical wiring is safe. |
Electrical Engineer |
Cables & Switches – Wire gauge, insulation, conductor quality |
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HVAC |
Air Leakage Test |
Prevents energy loss in ducting. |
HVAC Contractor |
Ducting Material – Thickness, leakage, insulation quality |
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5. Finishing Stage |
Paint |
Adhesion & Thickness Test |
Ensures paint is applied properly and evenly. |
Paint Contractor |
- |
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Glass |
Impact & Toughness Test |
Checks if glass can handle impacts safely. |
Manufacturer |
Glass Panels – Strength, thickness, edge polishing |
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Waterproofing |
Ponding Test |
Checks waterproofing before final finishes. |
Waterproofing Contractor |
- |
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6. Post-Construction & Final Testing |
Building |
Structural Load Test |
Ensures building can handle expected loads. |
Structural Engineer |
- |
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Fire Safety |
Fire Hydrant Flow Test |
Ensures fire hydrants provide enough pressure. |
Fire Safety Officer |
Fire Safety Equipment – Pressure, flow rate, functionality |
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Elevators |
Lift Load Test |
Checks if lifts can handle the rated load. |
Elevator Contractor |
Elevators & Lift Components – Load-bearing capacity, safety mec |
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Task ID |
Activity |
Predecessor(s) |
Duration |
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A |
Site Preparation & Earthwork |
None |
10 |
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B |
Foundation Work (Excavation, PCC, Footing, Plinth Beam) |
A |
20 |
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C |
Ground Floor Columns & Beams |
B |
15 |
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D |
Ground Floor Slab Casting (Shuttering, Reinforcement, Concrete) |
C |
10 |
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E |
First Floor Columns & Beams |
D |
15 |
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F |
First Floor Slab Casting (Shuttering, Reinforcement, Concrete) |
E |
10 |
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G |
Ground Floor Brickwork & Partition Walls |
D |
25 |
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H |
First Floor Brickwork & Partition Walls |
F |
25 |
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I |
Plastering & Waterproofing |
G, H |
15 |
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J |
Electrical & Plumbing (Conduits & Pipes) |
G, H |
20 |
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K |
Flooring & Tiling |
I, J |
20 |
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L |
Painting & Finishing |
K |
15 |
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M |
External Works (Landscaping, Parking, Boundary Wall) |
L |
10 |
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N |
Final Testing & Handover |
M |
10 |
To reduce the project duration from 175 days to ~125 days, consider the following time-saving strategies:
1. Parallel Execution of Tasks
- Start First Floor Columns before Ground Floor Brickwork is fully completed.
- Begin Plastering on the Ground Floor while First Floor Brickwork is ongoing.
- Execute Electrical and Plumbing work alongside Plastering instead of waiting for it to finish.
2. Use Precast Components
- Use precast slabs, lintels, and stairs instead of casting them on-site.
- This eliminates curing time delays and speeds up construction by 10-12 days.
3. Use High-Performance Concrete (HPC) & Ready-Mix Concrete (RMC)
- HPC has faster curing times, allowing slab and column work to move ahead 5-7 days faster.
- RMC avoids on-site mixing delays, reducing 5-6 days.
4. Efficient Shuttering Techniques
- Use Mivan or aluminum formwork for slab casting, which speeds up formwork removal.
- Saves 7-10 days in overall structure work.
5. Deploy Multiple Work Crews
- Parallel teams for flooring, painting, and finishing can save 10-12 days.
- Specialized teams for electrical and plumbing work allow work to move simultaneously with plastering.
6. Efficient Procurement & Logistics Planning
- Ensure no material shortages that could cause work stoppages.
- Saves 5-7 days by preventing delays in procurement.
|
category |
Role |
Purpose / Responsibilities |
Estimated Manpower |
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Management & Planning |
Project Manager |
Oversees the entire project, manages resources, timeline, and coordination. |
1-2 |
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Site Engineer |
Supervises on-site work, quality control, and compliance with design. |
2-3 |
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Architect |
Designs the building layout, aesthetics, and usability. |
1 |
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Structural Engineer |
Ensures stability, load-bearing capacity, and structural integrity. |
1 |
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Quantity Surveyor |
Estimates material requirements, cost control, and billing. |
1 |
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Safety Officer |
Ensures compliance with safety norms and reduces site hazards. |
1 |
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Procurement Manager |
Manages purchase and supply of construction materials. |
1 |
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Civil & Structural Works |
Masons |
Constructs brickwork, plastering, and finishing works. |
30-40 |
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Carpenters |
Builds formwork for concrete slabs, beams, and columns. |
15-20 |
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Steel Fixers (Bar Benders) |
Cuts, bends, and fixes steel reinforcement for RCC work. |
10-15 |
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Concrete Workers |
Mixes, pours, and levels concrete. |
15-20 |
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Scaffolding Workers |
Installs and maintains scaffolding for safe work at height. |
5-10 |
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General Laborers (Helpers) |
Assists in carrying materials, mixing cement, and general site activities. |
40-50 |
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Mechanical, Electrical & Plumbing (MEP) |
Electricians |
Installs wiring, lighting, and electrical systems. |
10-15 |
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Plumbers |
Installs water supply, drainage, and sanitation systems. |
10-12 |
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HVAC Technicians |
Installs heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (if applicable). |
5-7 |
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Lift Technicians |
Installs and maintains elevators (if applicable). |
2-3 |
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Finishing & Interiors |
Painters |
Applies paint, polishes, and surface finishes. |
10-15 |
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Tile & Marble Layers |
Installs flooring, wall tiles, and marble surfaces. |
10-15 |
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False Ceiling Workers |
Installs false ceilings and gypsum board partitions. |
5-10 |
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Glass & Aluminium Workers |
Installs windows, doors, and glass facades. |
5-10 |
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Interior Decorators |
Designs and installs interior furnishings and lighting. |
3-5 |
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External & Landscaping |
Pavers & Road Workers |
Lays external pavements, driveways, and pathways. |
5-10 |
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Gardeners (Landscapers) |
Plants trees, maintains green areas, and landscaping. |
3-5 |
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Gate & Boundary Workers |
Constructs fences, gates, and boundary walls. |
5-7 |
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Security & Support |
Security Guards |
Ensures site safety and material security. |
5-7 |
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Cleaning Staff |
Keeps the site clean and removes construction debris. |
3-5 |
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Total Manpower Requirement |
- |
At peak stage: 150-200 workers |
150-200 |
|
Component |
Description |
Function |
Sub-Parts |
Types |
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Foundation |
The lowest part of the building structure, set in the ground. |
Provides stability, distributes the load to the soil, and prevents settling. |
Footings, Piles, Grade Beams |
Shallow (e.g., Spread Footing), Deep (e.g., Pile Foundation) |
|
Plinth |
The portion between the foundation and the ground floor. |
Prevents moisture from entering the building and raises the structure above ground level. |
Plinth Beam, Damp Proof Course (DPC) |
Low Plinth, High Plinth |
|
Columns |
Vertical structural elements supporting the building. |
Transfers the load from the slab and beams to the foundation. |
Reinforcement, Formwork, Concrete Cover |
RCC Columns, Steel Columns, Composite Columns |
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Beams |
Horizontal load-bearing elements. |
Transfers load from slabs to columns, preventing excessive bending. |
Reinforcement, Stirrups, Concrete Cover |
Simply Supported, Cantilever, Continuous |
|
Slab |
Flat structural component forming the floors and ceilings. |
Supports the load of occupants and furniture, providing separation between floors. |
Reinforcement, Concrete, Shuttering |
One-Way Slab, Two-Way Slab, Flat Slab |
|
Walls |
Vertical enclosures that provide security and support. |
Separates spaces, bears loads (in some cases), and provides insulation. |
Brickwork, Reinforcement (for RCC Walls), Plaster |
Load-Bearing Walls, Partition Walls, Shear Walls |
|
Roof |
Top covering of a building structure. |
Protects from weather conditions and provides insulation. |
Trusses, Rafters, Purlins, Roofing Sheets |
Flat Roof, Pitched Roof, Shell Roof |
|
Doors |
Openings that allow entry and exit from rooms and buildings. |
Provides access and security. |
Frame, Shutters, Hinges, Locks |
Wooden, Metal, Glass, uPVC |
|
Windows |
Openings in walls allowing ventilation and light. |
Provides air circulation, light, and visibility. |
Frame, Glass, Shutters |
Casement, Sliding, Fixed, Louvered |
|
Staircase |
Vertical circulation system consisting of steps. |
Provides access between different floors. |
Steps, Landings, Handrails, Balusters |
Straight, Spiral, Dog-Legged, Open-Well |
|
Flooring |
The surface of a room on which people walk. |
Provides a durable and aesthetic walking surface. |
Subfloor, Finishing Layer, Skirting |
Tile, Marble, Wooden, Concrete |
|
Ceiling |
Overhead surface inside a building. |
Conceals structural elements and enhances aesthetics. |
False Ceiling, Decorative Elements |
Plasterboard, POP, Wooden, Metal |
|
Electrical System |
Network of wiring and fixtures supplying power. |
Provides electricity for lighting, appliances, and safety. |
Wiring, Switches, MCBs, Distribution Boards |
Surface Wiring, Concealed Wiring |
|
Plumbing System |
Water supply and drainage network. |
Supplies clean water and removes wastewater. |
Pipes, Valves, Fittings, Water Tanks |
UPVC, CPVC, PPR, GI |
|
HVAC System |
Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning setup. |
Regulates indoor temperature, humidity, and air quality. |
Ducts, Vents, Compressors |
Split AC, Centralized, VRF |
|
Fire Safety System |
Fire prevention and suppression system. |
Detects and controls fires, ensuring safety. |
Fire Extinguishers, Sprinklers, Smoke Detectors |
Manual, Automatic |
|
Paint & Finishing |
Coating applied to walls, ceilings, and other surfaces. |
Enhances aesthetics and protects surfaces from damage. |
Primer, Paint, Putty |
Water-Based, Oil-Based, Textured |
